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Grade 8 Science and Technology: Biology Section Study Guide

Comprehensive study guide for Class 8 students, teachers, and school administrators in Nepal, covering the Biology Section of the Curriculum Development Center (CDC) Nepal framework for secondary education.

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Grade 8 Science and Technology: Biology Section Study Guide
Comprehensive Study Guide for Class 8 Students, Teachers, and School Administrators in Nepal
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Grade 8 Science and Technology: Biology Section Study Guide
Comprehensive Study Guide for Class 8 Students, Teachers, and School Administrators in Nepal
Grade 8 Science and Technology: Biology Section Study Guide1 / 19
Unit 1: Microorganisms
Introduction to Microorganisms
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Economic and Environmental Importance of Microorganisms
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Helps convert milk into curdLactobacillus
Used in baking and fermentation industriesYeast
Fixes atmospheric nitrogen into the soilRhizobium
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Types of Microorganisms
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Percentage of microorganisms
85
Bacteria
60
Fungi
45
Viruses
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Beneficial and Harmful Roles of Microorganisms
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  • ●
    Beneficial roles: Lactobacillus, Yeast, Rhizobium
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    Harmful roles: Pathogenic microbes, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Cholera, common colds
  • ●
    Examples of beneficial microorganisms: Lactobacillus, Yeast, Rhizobium
  • ●
    Examples of harmful microorganisms: Pathogenic microbes, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Cholera, common colds
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Unit 2: Plant and Animal Tissues
Introduction to Plant and Animal Tissues
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Plant Tissues
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Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from rootsXylem
Translocates manufactured food from leaves to other plant partsPhloem
Responsible for continuous growth in the length and thickness of plantsMeristematic tissues
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Types of Animal Tissues
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Total100
Percentage of animal tissues
Epithelial tissue
30%
Muscular tissue
25%
Nervous tissue
20%
Connective tissue
25%
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Functions of Plant and Animal Tissues
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    Plant tissues: Conduct water and nutrients, produce food, grow new tissues
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    Animal tissues: Provide structure, support, and movement, transmit signals, and store energy
  • ●
    Examples of plant tissues: Xylem, Phloem, Meristematic tissues
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    Examples of animal tissues: Epithelial tissue, Muscular tissue, Nervous tissue, Connective tissue
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Unit 3: Human Life Systems
Introduction to Human Life Systems
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Human Circulatory System
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A powerful, involuntary, four-chambered muscular pumpHeart
Carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the bodyBlood vessels
Composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood plateletsBlood
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Components of the Human Reproductive System
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Percentage of reproductive system components
40
Testes
30
Ovaries
20
Uterus
10
Vagina
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Functions of Human Life Systems
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    Human circulatory system: Transport respiratory gases, digested nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products
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    Human reproductive system: Produce gametes, fertilize them to form a zygote
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    Examples of human circulatory system components: Heart, Blood vessels, Blood
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    Examples of human reproductive system components: Testes, Ovaries, Uterus, Vagina
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Unit 4: Biodiversity and Conservation in Nepal
Introduction to Biodiversity and Conservation in Nepal
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Biodiversity Status in Nepal
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Species native and restricted entirely to NepalEndemic species
One-horned rhinoceros, Royal Bengal tiger, Snow LeopardFlagship protected wildlife
Chitwan National Park, Sagarmatha National Park, Langtang National ParkBiodiversity hotspots
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Conservation Approaches in Nepal
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Total100
Percentage of conservation approaches
In-situ conservation
60%
Ex-situ conservation
40%
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Importance of Biodiversity and Conservation in Nepal
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    Biodiversity and conservation are critical components of maintaining the balance of our ecosystem.
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    Nepal's biodiversity and conservation efforts have significant economic and environmental benefits.
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    Examples of biodiversity and conservation benefits: Ecotourism, Sustainable livelihoods, Climate change mitigation
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    Examples of biodiversity and conservation challenges: Habitat destruction, Climate change, Human-wildlife conflict
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Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
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FeaturePlant CellAnimal Cell
Cell wallPresentCompletely absent
Cell shapeDefinite, regular shapeIrregular, oval, or spherical shape
PlastidsPresentAbsent
VacuolesLarge, permanent, central vacuoleSmall, temporary, scattered vacuoles
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Conclusion
Summary of Key Concepts

Microorganisms are microscopic living organisms that are invisible to the naked eye. • Plant and animal tissues are the building blocks of living organisms. • Human life systems are the complex networks of organs and tissues that work together to maintain the balance of our ecosystem. • Biodiversity and conservation are critical components of maintaining the balance of our ecosystem.

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