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Introduction to stainless steel in metallurgy

From phase diagrams to stainless steel types and their applications

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Introduction to stainless steel in metallurgy
Understanding phases and classifications
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Introduction to stainless steel in metallurgy
Understanding phases and classifications
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Iron-carbon phase diagram
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Graph showing temperature vs % carbon with labeled phases like austenite, ferrite, cementite
Graph showing temperature vs % carbon with labeled phases like austenite, ferrite, cementite
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Key metallurgical phases
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Defining the primary phases
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    Ferrite: BCC structure, magnetic, low carbon solubility
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    Austenite: FCC structure, non-magnetic, high carbon solubility
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    Cementite: Iron carbide, hard and brittle
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    Pearlite: Lamellar mix of ferrite and cementite
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    Martensite: Tetragonal, hard, formed by rapid cooling
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    Bainite: Fine non-lamellar structure, tough and strong
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“
The microstructure is the fingerprint of a steel’s performance
Metallurgical principle
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Stainless steel classifications
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Austenitic stainless steels
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    Most common type, e.g., 304 and 316 grades
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    Non-magnetic, excellent formability and weldability
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    High chromium and nickel content for corrosion resistance
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    Used in kitchenware, medical devices, and chemical tanks
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Ferritic stainless steels
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    Body-centered cubic structure, magnetic
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    Lower nickel content, higher chromium (12-18%)
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    Good corrosion resistance, moderate strength
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    Used in automotive trim, kitchen equipment, and heat exchangers
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Martensitic vs precipitation hardening
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    Martensitic: Hardenable via heat treatment, high strength
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    Contains 12-18% chromium, low nickel
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    Used in knives, turbines, and surgical instruments
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    PH (Precipitation Hardening): Strengthened by precipitation of intermetallic compounds
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    Combines high strength with good corrosion resistance
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    Used in aerospace, nuclear, and chemical processing
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Duplex stainless steels
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    Mixed microstructure of austenite and ferrite (50/50)
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    Higher strength than austenitic or ferritic alone
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    Excellent resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking
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    Used in offshore oil, desalination, and paper industries
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Microstructures under the microscope
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Side-by-side micrographs of austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex stainless steels
Side-by-side micrographs of austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex stainless steels
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Key takeaways
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Iron-carbon diagram maps phases like austenite and ferrite • Stainless steel requires minimum 10.5% chromium • Five main types: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, PH, duplex • Microstructure determines performance in real-world applications

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